1
2

# 多数 Linux 发行版已经自带
ls /usr/share/vim/vim*/syntax/cpp.vim

1
2
3
4

" C/C++ 文件类型识别
au BufRead,BufNewFile *.h,*.hpp,*.cc,*.cpp,*.cxx set filetype=cpp
syntax on
filetype indent on

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

" 缩进宽度 4 空格、tab 转空格
set tabstop=4
set shiftwidth=4
set expandtab
set autoindent
" C/C++ 缩进风格
set cindent
set cinoptions=:0,g0,t0,(0

1
2
3

# 验证版本（C++17 已经是 2017 标准，g++ 7+ 完整支持）
g++ --version
# g++ (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) 9.4.0

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10

# 单文件
g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -O2 -o hello hello.cpp

# 多文件
g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -O2 main.cpp foo.cpp bar.cpp -o myapp

# 分两步：先 -c 生成 .o，再链接
g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -O2 -c main.cpp -o main.o
g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -O2 -c foo.cpp -o foo.o
g++ main.o foo.o -o myapp

1
2
3
4

# Ubuntu 安装
sudo apt install clang
clang++ --version
# clang version 10.0.0

1
2

sudo update-alternatives --config c++
# 出现菜单：g++ / clang++ 选其一

1
2
3

g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -g -O0 -o debug_demo demo.cpp
# -g  生成调试信息（GNU debug 格式：DWARF）
# -O0 关闭优化，gdb 单步能看到每行

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11

gdb ./debug_demo

(gdb) break main              # 在 main 打断点
(gdb) run                     # 启动
(gdb) next                    # 单步（不进入函数）
(gdb) step                    # 单步（进入函数）
(gdb) print var               # 打印变量
(gdb) info locals             # 打印所有局部变量
(gdb) backtrace               # 函数调用栈
(gdb) continue                # 继续执行
(gdb) quit

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11

# core dump 开启
ulimit -c unlimited
echo "/tmp/core.%e.%p" | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern

# 编译
g++ -g -o bug bug.cpp
./bug
# Segmentation fault (core dumped)

gdb ./bug /tmp/core.bug.12345
(gdb) backtrace

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

# 编译器
CXX      = g++
CXXFLAGS = -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -O2 -g
LDFLAGS  =

# 源文件、目标文件
SRCS = $(wildcard src/*.cpp)
OBJS = $(SRCS:.cpp=.o)
TARGET = bin/myapp

# 默认目标
all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	@mkdir -p bin
	$(CXX) $(OBJS) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)

%.o: %.cpp
	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

# 头文件依赖
deps:
	$(CXX) -MMD -MP $(CXXFLAGS) $(SRCS) > /dev/null

# 包含自动生成的 .d 文件
-include $(OBJS:.o=.d)

clean:
	rm -f src/*.o src/*.d
	rm -rf bin

.PHONY: all clean deps

1
2

make -j$(nproc)      # Linux
make -j$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)  # macOS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(myapp CXX)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

add_executable(myapp main.cpp foo.cpp bar.cpp)

1
2
3

mkdir build && cd build
cmake ..           # 生成 Makefile
make -j$(nproc)    # 编译

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14

find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS filesystem system)
find_package(OpenCV REQUIRED)
find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED)
pkg_check_modules(SQLITE3 REQUIRED sqlite3)

add_executable(myapp main.cpp)
target_include_directories(myapp PRIVATE ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_link_libraries(myapp
    PRIVATE
    Boost::filesystem
    Boost::system
    ${OpenCV_LIBS}
    ${SQLITE3_LIBRARIES}
)

1
2
3
4
5
6

add_library(mylib STATIC src/foo.cpp)
target_include_directories(mylib PUBLIC include)
target_compile_features(mylib PUBLIC cxx_std_17)

add_executable(myapp main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myapp PRIVATE mylib)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

// C++20 concept 示例
#include <concepts>

template<std::integral T>
T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; }

// 使用
int x = add(1, 2);        // OK
// double y = add(1.0, 2.0);  // 编译错误：double 不是 integral

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// C++23 std::expected
#include <expected>
#include <string>

std::expected<int, std::string> parseInt(std::string_view s) {
    try {
        return std::stoi(std::string(s));
    } catch (...) {
        return std::unexpected("parse failed: " + std::string(s));
    }
}

auto result = parseInt("42");
if (result) {
    std::println("got: {}", *result);
} else {
    std::println("error: {}", result.error());
}

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

# Ubuntu 24.04 LTS 默认装 GCC 13
sudo apt install g++-14  # 装 GCC 14

# macOS
brew install llvm@18    # 装 Clang 18

# Windows：MSYS2 / vcpkg / WSL2

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

# CMakePresets.json（2024+ 标准做法）
{
    "version": 6,
    "configurePresets": [
        {
            "name": "base",
            "generator": "Ninja",
            "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build/${presetName}",
            "cacheVariables": {
                "CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD": "23",
                "CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS": "ON"
            }
        },
        {
            "name": "debug",
            "inherits": "base",
            "cacheVariables": {
                "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
            }
        }
    ]
}

1
2
3

# 一行配置
cmake --preset debug
cmake --build build/debug

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10

# vcpkg 集成（2024+）
# vcpkg.json
{
    "name": "my-project",
    "version-string": "1.0.0",
    "dependencies": [
        "fmt", "spdlog", "boost-system", "boost-filesystem",
        { "name": "qt", "features": ["webengine"] }
    ]
}

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12

现代 C++ 项目（C++20/23）
├── 编译器：GCC 14 / Clang 18 / MSVC 19.40
├── 标准：C++20（生产）/ C++23（新项目）
├── 构建：CMake 3.28 + Ninja 1.12 + CMakePresets
├── 包管理：vcpkg（首选）/ Conan 2.x
├── 测试：GoogleTest + gcovr / LLVM-cov
├── 静态分析：clang-tidy + cppcheck
├── 格式化：clang-format 18
├── 调试：gdb 14 / lldb 18 + rr
├── IDE：VS Code + clangd / CLion
├── 编译选项：-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -fsanitize=address,undefined
└── CI：GitHub Actions / GitLab CI